Top 20 Cyber Security Interview Questions and Answers in 2023

Here are 20 commonly asked cybersecurity interview questions along with their answers:

1. What is the difference between authentication and authorization? 

Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, system, or device, while authorization is the process of granting or denying access to specific resources or actions based on the authenticated user’s privileges.

2. What is a firewall, and how does it work? 

A firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters network traffic based on predefined security rules. It acts as a barrier between internal and external networks, allowing or blocking traffic based on the configured rules.

3. What are the common types of malware, and how do they work? 

Common types of malware include viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Malware typically infiltrates systems through various means and executes malicious actions, such as stealing data, corrupting files, or gaining unauthorized access.

4. What is encryption, and why is it important in cybersecurity? 

Encryption is the process of converting data into a form that can only be read by authorized parties. It ensures that sensitive information remains secure during storage, transmission, and processing, preventing unauthorized access or tampering.

5. Explain the concept of “defense in depth.” 

Defense in depth is a cybersecurity strategy that employs multiple layers of defense mechanisms to protect systems and data. It involves implementing various security controls at different levels, such as network, host, application, and data, to create overlapping layers of protection.

6. What is a DDoS attack, and how does it work? 

A DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack involves overwhelming a target system or network with a flood of illegitimate requests, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. Attackers use multiple compromised devices or botnets to generate the massive traffic required to cause the disruption.

7. What is a vulnerability assessment? 

A vulnerability assessment is the process of identifying and evaluating potential weaknesses and vulnerabilities in a system or network. It helps organizations understand their security posture, prioritize vulnerabilities, and implement appropriate countermeasures.

8. What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption? 

Symmetric encryption uses a single shared key to both encrypt and decrypt data, while asymmetric encryption (also known as public-key encryption) uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

9. What is penetration testing? 

Penetration testing, or pen testing, is a security assessment technique that involves simulating real-world attacks on a system or network to identify vulnerabilities and exploit them. It helps organizations identify weaknesses before malicious attackers can exploit them.

10. How does a virtual private network (VPN) enhance security? 

A VPN creates a secure encrypted tunnel between a user’s device and a remote network, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over public networks. It protects sensitive information from eavesdropping and can also provide anonymity by masking the user’s IP address.

11. What is social engineering, and how can it be prevented? 

Social engineering is a technique that manipulates individuals to gain unauthorized access or obtain sensitive information. It can be prevented through employee education, strong access controls, multi-factor authentication, and strict adherence to security policies.

12. What is the principle of least privilege (PoLP)? 

The principle of least privilege states that users or processes should have only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their tasks. By limiting privileges, organizations can reduce the potential impact of a compromise or misuse of user accounts.

13. How does a hash function work, and what is it used for? 

A hash function is a mathematical algorithm that converts input data into a fixed-size output (hash value). It is commonly used to verify data integrity, create digital signatures, and store passwords securely, as the output is unique to the input and difficult to reverse-engineer.

14. What is SSL encryption?

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) encryption is a protocol that provides a secure and encrypted connection between a web browser and a server. It ensures that data transmitted between the two remains private and protected from unauthorized access or tampering. SSL is commonly used for secure online transactions, such as credit card payments and sensitive data transfers.

15. What steps will you take to secure a server? 

To secure a server, I would take the following steps:

1. Implement strong access controls by using strong passwords, enforcing multi-factor authentication, and limiting user privileges.
2. Regularly update and patch the server’s operating system and software to address known vulnerabilities.
3. Configure a firewall, intrusion detection system, and antivirus software to monitor and protect against unauthorized access and malware threats

16. What is the difference between HIDS and NIDS? 

HIDS (Host-based Intrusion Detection System) and NIDS (Network-based Intrusion Detection System) are two types of intrusion detection systems with different focuses:

1. HIDS: HIDS operates on individual hosts (servers, workstations) and monitors activities occurring on the host itself. It examines system logs, file integrity, and system calls to detect signs of unauthorized access or malicious activity specific to that particular host. HIDS is useful for detecting attacks that may bypass network-based monitoring.
2. NIDS: NIDS, on the other hand, monitors network traffic at various points within the network infrastructure. It analyzes network packets, looking for patterns and signatures of known attacks or anomalies. NIDS is effective in detecting network-based attacks, such as port scanning, network reconnaissance, or unauthorized access attempts.

In summary, HIDS focuses on monitoring activities at the host level, while NIDS focuses on analyzing network traffic for potential security breaches. Both HIDS and NIDS play complementary roles in a comprehensive intrusion detection strategy.

17. What is a VPN?

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that creates a secure and encrypted connection over a public network, such as the internet. It allows users to access resources and services securely as if they were directly connected to a private network. VPNs are commonly used to enhance privacy, protect sensitive data, and enable remote access to private networks.

18. What do you understand by risk, vulnerability, and threat in a network? 

Risk in a network refers to the potential for negative impacts or harm that may arise from threats exploiting vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses or flaws in a network’s systems, processes, or configurations that can be exploited by threats. Threats are potential events, incidents, or actions that could cause harm to a network by taking advantage of vulnerabilities.

19. How do you prevent identity theft? 

To prevent identity theft, it is essential to:

1. Safeguard personal information by avoiding sharing sensitive details on unsecured platforms or with unknown individuals.
2. Use strong and unique passwords for online accounts and enable multi-factor authentication whenever possible.
3. Regularly monitor financial statements and credit reports for any suspicious activity or unauthorized transactions.
4. Be cautious of phishing attempts and avoid clicking on suspicious links or providing personal information in response to unsolicited requests.

20. Who are White Hat, Grey Hat, and Black Hat Hackers? 

White hat, grey hat, and black hat hackers are terms used to describe individuals based on their intentions and ethical considerations in the field of hacking:

1. White Hat Hackers: White hat hackers, also known as ethical hackers or security professionals, use their skills to identify vulnerabilities and security weaknesses in systems or networks. They work with organizations to improve security measures and protect against cyber threats. Their actions are legal and authorized, aiming to enhance cybersecurity.
2. Grey Hat Hackers: Grey hat hackers operate in a morally ambiguous area between white hat and black hat hackers. They may uncover vulnerabilities without authorization but do not have malicious intent. While they may not have explicit permission to access systems, they often disclose vulnerabilities to the affected parties to prompt them to take corrective actions.
3. Black Hat Hackers: Black hat hackers are individuals who engage in hacking activities with malicious intent. They exploit vulnerabilities, steal sensitive data, disrupt systems, or engage in other illegal activities for personal gain, harm, or sabotage. Their actions are unauthorized and violate laws and ethical guidelines.

It is important to note that black hat hacking is illegal and can result in severe legal consequences, while white hat hacking is done within legal frameworks and with proper authorization.